GERUND

1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

· Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence

· Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence

· I enjoy reading. object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

· He enjoys not working.

· The best thing for your health is not smoking.

2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

· To learn is important. subject of sentence

· The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence

· He wants to learn. object of sentence

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

· I decided not to go.

· The most important thing is not to give up.

3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence.

Examples:

· Learning is important. normal subject

· To learn is important. abstract subject - less common

· The most important thing is learning. normal complement

· The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common

4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive.

Examples:

· He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.

· He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.

5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. Here are familiar verbs followed by gerunds:

Verbs Examples

avoid He avoided talking to her.

begin I began learning Chinese.

can't bear He can't bear having so much responsibility.

can't help He can't help talking so loudly.

can't stand He can't stand her smoking in the office.

continue He continued talking.

delay He delayed doing his taxes.

deny He denied committing the crime.

discuss We discussed working at the company.

go Let’s go swimming

mind I don't mind helping you.

Enjoy We enjoy hiking.

Finish He finished doing his homework.

forget I forgot giving you my book.

hate I hate cleaning the bathroom.

Keep She kept interrupting me.

like She likes listening to music.

love I love swimming.

Miss She misses living near the beach.

Neglect Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.

Permit California does not permit smoking in restaurants.

Postpone He postponed returning to Paris.

Practice She practiced singing the song.

prefer He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.

Quit She quit worrying about the problem.

Start He started studying harder.

Stop She stopped working at 5 o'clock.

Suggest They suggested staying at the hotel.

6. Gerunds can often be modified with possessive forms such as his, her, its, your, their, our, John's, Mary's, the machine's, and so on. This makes it clearer who or what is performing the action.

Examples:

· I enjoyed their singing. They were singing.

· She understood his saying no to the offer. He said no.

· Sam resented Debbie's coming late to the dinner. Debbie came late to the dinner.

· We discussed the machine's being broken. The machine is broken.

7. Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive. In some situations, the noun is required. In other situations, the noun is optional.

Examples:

· The police ordered the man to stop. noun is required

· She asked to leave. noun is optional

· She asked him to leave. noun is optional

8. Gerunds are used after prepositions. Most commonly, these are "verb + preposition" combinations. You don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!

Examples:

· They admitted to committing the crime.

· Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday.

· He is thinking about studying abroad.

9. Remember that there are many "adjective + preposition" combinations and "noun + preposition" combinations in English as well. These are also followed by gerunds. Once again, you don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!

Examples:

· Sandy is scared of flying. adjective + preposition

· Nick is anxious about taking the examination. adjective + preposition

· His interest in becoming a professional snowboarder was well known. noun + preposition

· Thomas' story about seeing a grizzly bear was really exciting. noun + preposition

10. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with little difference in meaning.

Examples:

· She likes swimming.

· She likes to swim.

Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a meaning difference. Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or experiences. Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking about potential or possible activities or experiences. Because of this small difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used interchangeably, such as in the examples below.

Examples:

· The British reporter likes living in New York. He lives in New York and he likes what he experiences there.

· The British reporter likes to live in New York whenever he works in the United States. He likes the option or possibility of living in New York when he works in the United States.

· I like speaking French because it's such a beautiful language. I like the experience of speaking French, and the way it makes me feel when I speak the language.

· I like to speak French when I'm in France. I prefer the option of speaking French when I am in France.

11. Verbs which indicate location can often be followed by "ING" forms. This pattern is VERB OF LOCATION + LOCATION + VERB+ING.

Examples:

· Sarah stood at the corner waiting for Tom.

· Melissa lay in bed thinking about her future.

· Don clung to the side of the cliff looking down.

12. In addition to simple gerund and infinitive forms, there are progressive gerund and infinitive forms, passive gerund and infinitive forms and perfect gerund and infinitive forms as well as combinations of these forms. Progressive forms are used to emphasize that an action is taking place now. Passive forms are used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is being acted upon. Perfect gerund and infinitive forms are used to emphasize completion in both the past and the future. Study the examples below to help understand these concepts.

	GERUND FORMS	INFINITIVE FORMS
SIMPLE	The teacher enjoys teaching.	The teacher wants to teach.
PROGRESSIVE	Mr. Smith is really enjoying teaching his class. Looks the same as simple form above.	Mr. Smith would like to be teaching his class.
PASSIVE	The students enjoy being taught.	The students want to be taught.
PERFECT	The retired teacher recalled having taught.	The teacher was expecting to have taught that already.
PASSIVE + PROGRESSIVE	The students are enjoying being taught by such an exciting new teacher. Looks the same as the passive form above.	The students would like to be being taught by Mr Smith.
PASSIVE + PERFECT	The older students recalled having been taught that already.	The students were expecting to have been taught that by now.